ABSTRACT
Background: Malignancy of breast is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Molecular organisation of breast cancer is considered as better predictive factor for diagnosis and treatment. The present study was done with the aim to find out clinicopathological characterization and correlation of breast tumor with receptor status progesterone (PR), estrogen (ER) and human epidermal receptor protein-2/neu status (HER-2/neu).Methods: This was a prospective study done on 50 patients with breast carcinoma. The expression patterns of PR, ER and HER-2/NEU were studied. Clinical features, pathologic features such as age of the patient, tumour size, grade, and lymph node status and their correlation with receptors were compared.Results: Of the 50 patients, ER positivity was seen in 42% cases, PR positivity in 32% and HER-2/neu (3+) in 30% cases. Majority of grade I tumors were ER and PR positive and majority of grade III tumors were triple negative. Triple negative profile was seen in secretory carcinoma. ER, PR and HER2 status was not significantly associated with age of the patients and tumour size. The immunohistochemical types ER/PR +ve Her2neu +ve and ER/PR -ve Her2neu -ve are significantly related to grading of tumours.Conclusions: From the results, it was concluded that ER, PR and HER-2 status correlates well with histopathological grading. These results highlight the fact that molecular subtypes correlate with diagnosis and aid in targeted therapy.
ABSTRACT
Negligence in a sterilisation operation is a crucial issue in a country like India where sterilisation operations form an important part of government programmes. This article seeks to highlight the medico-legal dilemmas that surround this issue, and the legal pronouncements on it. The article also deals with a recent policy initiative--the Family Planning Insurance Scheme--that has been formulated in this regard, its legal implications, and its impact on the medical fraternity as well as on society as a whole.